In a world grappling with volatile energy prices and geopolitical instability, particularly highlighted by disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz, the United Nations is emphasizing the critical role of renewable energy sources. UN Secretary-General António Guterres stated, “The turmoil we are witnessing in the Middle East makes it evident that we are facing a global energy system largely tied to fossil fuels,” noting that “every conflict risks sending shockwaves through the global economy, particularly to the most vulnerable people.” Renewable sources like solar, wind, and hydropower offer a compelling alternative, providing stable, domestic, and increasingly affordable power. They are rapidly becoming the backbone of modern energy systems, driven not only by climate concerns but also by the pursuit of security and economic resilience.
Renewables now nearly match fossil fuels in global installed power capacity, as Guterres pointed out last July, adding, “there are no price spikes for sunlight… no embargoes on wind.” He further asserted that renewables are now “the foundation of energy security and sovereignty.” Beyond security, this transition also yields significant environmental and economic benefits, including reduced emissions, lower pollution, job creation, and decreased long-term costs, catalyzing a global shift exemplified by several frontrunner nations.
Norway: Hydropower Backbone, Oil Dependence Fading
While Norway remains a significant oil and gas exporter, its domestic electricity system is overwhelmingly reliant on renewable sources, primarily hydropower, which accounts for 90–95 percent of electricity generation. The country also boasts a growing wind power sector and minimal fossil fuel use in power generation. Norway is actively progressing towards a full energy transition, including the electrification of its transport sector, the expansion of offshore wind farms, and a gradual reduction in fossil fuel consumption across domestic industries.
Paraguay: Renewable Electricity Powerhouse
Paraguay stands as a global leader in clean energy, generating nearly 100 percent of its grid electricity from renewable sources, predominantly hydropower from shared binational dams like Itaipú. This reliance on renewables results in exceptionally low-cost electricity, strong energy independence, and significant export revenues from surplus power. Although the transport sector still depends on fossil fuels, Paraguay’s electricity mix is virtually free of them.
Nepal: Hydropower Transforming Lives
Nepal has rapidly expanded its hydropower capacity, achieving near-total renewable electricity generation for its grid, with approximately 98 percent of its overall power capacity being renewable. Hydropower is crucial in reducing Nepal’s dependence on imported fuels and stabilizing energy supply in its challenging mountainous terrain. The nation is actively working on expanding rural electrification, developing decentralized renewable systems, and transitioning households from traditional wood-burning stoves to cleaner energy sources, thereby mitigating household pollution that disproportionately affects women and children.
Ethiopia: Renewables Expanding Access and Opportunity
Ethiopia is emerging as a renewable energy leader in Africa, with its energy system dominated by hydropower and an expanding solar sector. Over 98 percent of Ethiopia’s power capacity is renewable, comprising large-scale hydropower from major dams, and growing solar and wind capacity. Renewables are central to Ethiopia’s strategy for achieving universal electricity access, particularly for remote communities, reducing reliance on imported fuels, and fostering economic development.
The Bottom Line
A common pattern is emerging across diverse geographies: renewables enhance energy independence, stabilize costs, reduce exposure to global crises, and deliver tangible benefits such as jobs, improved health, and greater opportunities. While challenges in financing and infrastructure persist, the energy transition driven by renewables is deemed unstoppable, empowering both people and governments.
The second part of this series will explore how other countries with fewer natural resources and larger populations are moving towards energy security.
